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Commodity Hedge Funds Ruled With Massive Returns In 2022

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In 2022, hedge funds struggled mightily amid macro factors like the war in Ukraine, the jarring return of persistent inflation, and the ensuing trend of rapidly rising interest rates around the globe. In many cases, most or even all asset classes plunged in step with each other, leaving fund managers with virtually nowhere to hide their investors’ capital.

The risk/ return profiles of virtually all major asset classes were altered, requiring managers to adjust their playbook. Those who could do so quickly outperformed managers who were set in their ways. In some cases, smaller funds were nimbler than their larger counterparts, which enabled them to adapt quickly.

According to HFR, total global hedge fund capital ended 2022 at $3.83 trillion, a quarterly increase of $44 billion.

Overall hedge fund returns

Hedge funds administered by the Citco group of companies recorded a weighted-average return of -7.02% for all of 2022. The median return of -2.86% demonstrates that smaller funds generally outperformed larger ones.

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More broadly, the HFRI 500 Index ended 2022 with a return of -3.37% after a fourth-quarter gain of 1.6%. The firm reported that globally, the leading hedge fund strategies were macro, including the sub-strategies of fundamental commodity, discretionary, and quantitative, trend-following CTA strategies.

The HFRI 500 Index broadly outperformed the equity and fixed-income markets and especially technology stocks — by 3,000 basis points, the widest margin since the index’s inception. The HFRI Weighted Composite Index returned 2.26% in the fourth quarter, trimming its full-year decline to 4.2%.

Unlike Citco’s report, HFRI reported that larger, more established hedge funds outperformed smaller ones in 2022, as evidenced by the 0.9% return for the HFRI Asset-Weighted Composite Index. As stated earlier, Citco’s 2022 report indicated that smaller hedge funds often outperformed their larger peers due to a much smaller median loss versus the weighted-average loss.

The soaring volatility and rising interest rates took bites out of hedge fund returns in 2022, but most funds protected investor capital from the worst of the market’s drubbings. 2022 was much more challenging for hedge funds than 2021 when funds generated a weighted-average return of 11.37% for the entire year.

Returns by strategy

There was a wide range of returns across hedge fund strategies, only two of which recorded positive performances in 2022. Commodities hedge funds were the standouts for the year overall, with a weighted-average return of 20.43% for Citco-administered funds and a 41.3% return for the HFRI 500 Macro: Commodity Index.

The median return of 12.33% for commodities funds was also the best of all major strategies and indicated that larger funds outperformed smaller ones. The only other hedge fund strategy in the green for 2022 was global macro, with a weighted-average return of 16.75% and a median return of 10.5% for funds administered by Citco.

On a global scale, the HFRI 500 Macro Index soared 14.2% in 2022 on the back of contributions from several sub-strategies, including commodities, currencies, discretionary, fundamental discretionary thematic, and trend-following CTA strategies.

The macro index outperformed technology stocks by over 4,700 basis points, also the highest margin since the index’s inception. Performance-based declines paired with net outflows in the fourth quarter resulted in total macro capital plunging $34 billion, ending 2022 at $677.6 billion for macro funds globally. However, for all of 2022, assets managed by macro funds rose $40 billion.

However, event-driven funds managed to eke out a positive median return of 3.81% despite being the worst strategy of all, with a weighted-average return of -18.64%. The significantly higher median return indicates that smaller event-driven funds smashed their larger counterparts.

The second-worst strategy was equities, with a weighted-average return of -11.19% and a median return of -6.44%. Multi-strategy funds were among the most popular based on investor flows. However, their weighted-average and median returns of -7.47% and 1.59%, respectively, were surely to blame for the sizable redemptions that balanced against the significant gross inflows recorded at different times in 2022.

Performance by size

The carnage in 2022 was spread across hedge funds of all sizes. Although the largest funds were the best performers in 2021, they were the worst performers in 2022. Funds with over $3 billion in assets under administration generated a weighted-average return of -8.55%, although their median return of 3.94% was the best of all the size categories.

The underperformance in larger funds was a critical factor in the size-related returns, just as it was among event-driven funds. After funds with over $3 billion in assets, the second-worst-performing size group included funds with $200 million to $500 million in assets, which returned -6.31% on a weighted-average basis. Their -0.62% median return again shows that larger funds significantly underperformed smaller ones.

The trend was also evident in funds with $1 billion to $3 billion in assets, which generated a weighted-average return of -5.61% and a median return of -0.04%.

Citco also reported a vast dispersion in hedge fund performance overall, as demonstrated by the 51.55% return spread between the top 10% and bottom 10% of performers.

Investor flows by strategy

Despite 2022’s vexing market conditions, investor flows into hedge funds administered by Citco held up relatively well, with a net outflow of only $11.5 billion. The year started out positive, with a robust first-quarter net inflow of $14 billion. However, gross redemptions more than offset gross subscriptions in the other three quarters, tipping investor flows into the red for the full year.

In 2021, Citco-administered hedge funds recorded robust net inflows of $37.3 billion. However, 2022’s more challenging macroeconomic backdrop, marked by a major conflict in Europe, skyrocketing inflation, and steadily rising interest rates, weighted heavily on investor sentiment, triggering a dramatic shift in investor flows.

Even though investors abandoned ship on many strategies in 2022, some continued to enjoy net inflows for the year. For example, hybrid funds retained their position as the most-popular hedge fund strategy for another consecutive year, racking up impressive net inflows of $20.7 billion in 2022 after sizable subscriptions in the first and fourth quarters.

Despite their lackluster performance, multi-strategy funds managed a positive net inflow for 2022 on the back of a strong first-quarter net redemption of nearly $5 billion. Multi-strategy funds ended the year with net inflows of $2.8 billion.

Hedge funds utilizing equities-related strategies recorded $23.7 billion in net outflows, making them the least-favored strategy in 2022. In second place were funds of funds with net outflows of $5.8 billion.

Investor flows by size

Despite their dismal performance relative to that of their smaller peers, the largest funds with over $10 billion in assets recorded the smallest outflows in 2022, with net redemptions of $1.2 billion for the whole year. On the other hand, the smallest funds with less than $1 billion in assets recorded the largest net outflows for 2022, at $4.1 billion.

Geographically, Europe was the only region to record net inflows for all of 2022, at $4.5 billion. Americas- and Asia-based funds recorded net outflows of $10.2 billion and $5.8 billion, respectively.

Looking more broadly, HFRI reported that fourth-quarter and full-year outflows were spread across all size groups. While Citco’s data indicated that larger funds saw the smallest outflows, HFRI found the opposite result and reported much larger net outflows when surveying globally.

Funds with more than $5 billion in assets under management saw a net outflow of $10.2 billion for the fourth quarter, bringing their full-year net outflow to $31.9 billion for 2022. Funds with $1 billion to $5 billion saw fourth-quarter net outflows of $8.3 billion, capping their full-year net outflows at $18.5 billion.

The report notes that funds with less than $1 billion in assets recorded almost $3.1 billion in net outflows for the fourth quarter and full-year net outflows of $5 billion for 2022.

Finance

The Calculus Behind The ESG Battle Between The White House And Capitol Hill

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When President Biden used his first veto (less than 60 days after his party no longer controlled both houses of Congress), the media reported on the event with much fanfare. That it had to do with a very narrow subject didn’t matter. But was all the chest pumping justified? Could it be that the issue was already moot even before Congress passed the joint resolution that inspired the veto?

On Wednesday, March 1, 2023, the Senate voted 50-46 to overturn the Department of Labor’s new Fiduciary Rule. This new Rule was to replace a similar Rule promulgated by the DOL under the Trump administration. At issue was the application of ESG criteria by ERISA fiduciaries to retirement plan investments.

What does ESG stand for?

“ESG stands for environmental, social, and governance,” says Andrew Poreda, VP and ESG senior research analyst at Sage Advisory Services in Austin, Texas. “ESG factors are non-financial (yet important) factors that are critical to the success of a corporation or entity.”

The concept isn’t entirely new. A similar philosophy called “Socially Responsible Investing” (“SRI”) emerged as a favorite among activists in the 1980s. It primarily targeted institutional investments in South Africa.

Going further back, religious organizations have practiced this form of exclusionary investing for quite some time. For example, it’s not unusual to see portfolios for church groups prohibit investments in “sin” stocks (alcohol, tobacco, and gambling) or stocks in the defense industry.

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Why is ESG important?

If ESG is just an SRI rose by another name, why has it suddenly become the center of such controversy? In short, it’s because it’s a little hard to define, and when it’s defined, it seems to run contrary to fiduciary practices.

Lawrence (Larry) Starr, of Cornerstone Retirement, Inc./Qualified Plan Consultants in West Springfield, Massachusetts, says, “There is no way to mandate something that is so poorly defined and differs widely in application from company to company and from investor to investor.”

As one of those investors, however, it’s critical you understand how other investors view ESG for the same reason it’s important for value investors to understand how growth investors think and vice versa.

“ESG is data that can provide a more complete picture of how a company operates beyond financial analysis alone,” says Bud Sturmak, the head of impact investing and a partner at Perigon Wealth Management in New York City. “ESG analysis helps to better understand a company’s overall stability, its opportunity to create shareholder value, and its exposure to critical business risks. ESG data can help inform sound investment decisions and allow you to tailor your portfolio to reflect your personal values.”

What is the main focus of ESG?

Starr says the primary reason ESG exists is “to provide ‘socially conscious’ investors with guidance as to a company’s attention to these (not well-defined) subjects.”

Again, if you look at things from the point of view of proponents, ESG, no matter how ill-defined up close, has a sincere intention when looking at it from the 30,000-foot level.

“The main purpose of ESG investing is to reward good corporate citizenship and encourage companies to act responsibly by allocating capital to companies that share the investor’s values,” says Rob Reilly, a member of the finance faculty at the Providence College School of Business and an investment consultant at North Atlantic Investment Partners in Boston. “Environmental criteria consider how a company deals with environmental risks and natural resource management, including corporate policies addressing climate change. Social criteria evaluate how a company manages relationships with customers, suppliers, employees, and the communities where they operate. Governance deals with a company’s leadership, board of director diversity, internal controls, executive pay, audits, and shareholder rights.”

This broad objective can have multiple tactics. How do these varying approaches impact the definition of ESG?

“This depends on one’s perspective,” says Matthew Eickman, national retirement practice leader at Qualified Plan Advisors in Omaha. “At a binary level, it’s either to invest in companies in an effort to support or advance social and environmental agendas, or it’s to invest in companies whose commitment to environmental, social, and/or governance issues situates the companies to perform well in the future.”

This confusion can lead some to question the real aim of ESG.

“It is a Machiavellian and subversive attempt by ESG woke proponents to seize and control how boards of directors in America run their company on ESG goals rather than profit and loss goals,” says Terry Morgan, President of OK401k in Oklahoma City.

What did the President and Congress hope to achieve by their actions?

Given the passion ESG generates on both sides, is it any surprise that it has become a political hot potato? And when something becomes a political hot potato, you need to guard against hyperbole.

“First, it should be noted that there is a disconnect between what the bill does and what some politicians are claiming it does,” says Poreda. “The intent of Congress’s joint resolution appears to be aimed at preventing retirement plans from investing in strategies that are aimed at pushing political and ideological agenda (e.g., ESG strategies are seen as being aligned with climate activism and ‘woke’ agendas).”

Indeed, it could be that both proponents and opponents of ESG may not have read the fine print of either the Trump or Biden Rules.

In a post published in the Harvard Law School Forum, Max M. Schanzenbach (Northwestern Pritzker School of Law), and Robert H. Sitkoff (Harvard Law School) wrote, “Much of the confusion that the 2022 Biden Rule endorses ESG investing, and that the 2020 Trump Rule opposed it, traces to the original proposals for those rules. The Biden Proposal favored ESG factors by deeming them ‘often’ required by fiduciary duty. The Trump Proposal disfavored ESG factors by subjecting them to enhanced fiduciary scrutiny. However, following the notice-and-comment period, the Department significantly revised those proposals before finalization. Neither final rule singled out ESG investing for favored or disfavored treatment. The final Trump Rule did not use the term ‘ESG.’ The regulatory text of the final Biden Rule refers once to ESG investing, but only to state that ESG factors ‘may’ be ‘relevant to a risk and return analysis,’ depending ‘on the individual facts and circumstances.’ This statement is true for all investment factors, ESG or otherwise.”

Certainly, political leaders possess the legal literacy to discern this similarity. Why, then, did we have all the fireworks surrounding the Joint Resolution?

“Unfortunately, this issue has become politicized and certain politicians believed these factors were being taken into account to achieve political rather than financial goals,” says Robert Lowe, a partner (through his professional corporation) of Mitchell Silberberg & Knupp LLP in Los Angeles.

Clearly, there is no consensus on the meaning of ESG. Perhaps, given there are multiple ideas concerning the definition of “ESG,” it’s only natural that the reasons behind the various maneuverings might also be divergent.

“Different supporters of the vetoed proposal had different intents,” says Albert Feuer of the Law Offices of Albert Feuer in Forest Hills, New York. “Many supporters believe risk return analysis should be subordinated to ESG factors that are not called ESG factors, such as investing in United States fossil fuel ventures to preserve jobs in those ventures even if they have poor risk-return profiles. These same supporters criticize ESG advocates of the divestment fossil fuel investments, which the regulation prohibits absent a showing that these investments will be replaced by those with a better risk-return profile. Other supporters have little confidence in financial analysts and free markets. They believe ESG factors are inherently bad and thus fiduciaries should be prohibited from considering them absent compelling evidence that in a particular situation, such factors would improve the risk-return profile of an investment.”

Marcia S. Wagner, Esq., president/founder of The Wagner Law Group in Boston, Massachusetts, in a Forbes.com interview, said that President Biden faced pressure from his own party. Starr agrees. He says Biden had no choice but “to bow to his far-left constituency, especially since he just approved major drilling for oil in Alaska. This gives him a countervailing argument to show he hasn’t abandoned his ‘progressive’ policies completely.”

In the end, you could have easily predicted the actions by all actors in the dance between the joint resolution and the veto.

“This was a foregone conclusion,” says Eickman. “Biden knew he couldn’t appear weak on this, even if he may not view the DOL regulation as having nearly the impact as Congress had suggested with its votes.”

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Deutsche Bank Should Disclose Its Current Liquidity Levels To Investors

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Investors’ fear about the financial health of banks globally was palpable today. As they swarm bank after bank, Deutsche Bank was next on their list. They pummeled Deutsche Bank’s stocks and bonds. And the price for protection against a Deutsche Bank’s bond default rose significantly as evidenced in the credit derivatives market.

Nothing new, in particular, came out about Deutsche Bank today. It is not as if market participants only discovered today that Deutsche Bank has a long history of weak risk controls and a list of scandals rivaling Credit Suisse. Every time that there have been scandals about Deutsche Bank’s poor risk management, the stock falls, but eventually investors seem to just shrug their shoulders and move on. Yet, when you look at the stock over a much longer period of time, investors have been showing their discontent with the beleaguered bank for over a decade. Deutsche Bank has never recovered from its high on April 1, 2007. In fact, the stock has fallen almost 95% since then.

Liquidity Risk Is Key

What investors should be monitoring for all banks is how liquid they are, that, is whether they can pay all their obligations when they come due. It is difficult, if not impossible to know, how liquid Deutsche Bank is right now. Banks are only required to disclose financial and risk information on a quarterly basis. By the time, market participants get this information, it is already old.

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According to Deutsche Bank’s Basel III Pillar III Risk Disclosures, as of the end of December 2022, Deutsche Bank’s Liquidity Coverage Ratio was 135%, higher than the minimum requirement of 100%. The figure tells us that at that end of 2022, Deutsche Bank had enough high-quality liquid assets such as cash, money market instruments, and unencumbered investment grade bonds, to cover net cash outflows in periods of stress. That figure has declined by 7% from 2018 when it was at 145%.

In the U.S., as a stand-alone entity, Deutsche Bank’s Liquidity Coverage Ratio at the end of December 2022 was 141%. Banks are not required to disclose this ratio more frequently, so no one outside of Deutsche Bank knows what the LCR is today.

Unlike Silicon Valley Bank, Deutsche Bank has a diversity of funding sources such as retail and corporate deposits from different geographies, short-term and medium-term credit lines, as well as access to wholesale funding. Stable sources of funding are always important, especially right now.

In comparison to its globally systemically important bank (G-SIBs) peers in Europe at the end of 2022, however, Deutsche Bank did not have as high a percent of liquid assets as a percent of total assets. It appears to be less liquid than Barclays, UBS, Société Générale, Credit Suisse, or HSBC HBA . Deutsche Bank’s LCR and Net Stable Funding Ratio, a measure of funding stability for a twelve-month period, are also both lower than most European banks in that peer group.

As of today, the global rating agencies had Deutsche Bank in the A – BBB+ range which is considered investment grade, and the outlook is stable or positive. The very nature of processes that have to be abided by ratings analysts means that market participants always move faster to exhibit what they think of any company.

What Deutsche Bank should be doing right now is disclosing granular information about its current liquidity levels, sources of funding, and capital ratios. That certainly would give market participants a good idea of how the bank stands. No one had banking chaos on their bingo card at the end of 2022. So why should we be relying on financial information from then? In this environment, opacity only unnerves market participants even more.

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Deutsche Bank’s Death By A Thousand Cuts Is Not Over

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Deutsche Bank’s Impending Auf Wiedersehen Will Hurt Americans

Does Greed Drive Deutsche Bank And Other Banks Not To File Suspicious Activity Reports?

Deutsche Bank Needs Serious Laundering

Deutsche and Other Scandal-Plagued Banks Should Learn From Novartis, Tenneco, And Volkswagen

Possible Trump Deutsche Bank Fraud Raises Serious Questions

Measure U.S. Banks Credit Exposure to Deutsche Bank Now

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Finance

It’s Time For Some Serious Railroad Regulation

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There are times that news coverage seems like an ongoing recreation of the Adam Sandler and Drew Barrymore movie 50 First Dates. Bad things happen and are then forgotten. Something happens again and rarely is it treated like an ongoing story. The public, other than those directly involved, also forgets and doesn’t press for closer coverage.

A current example is the railroad industry. Take the disastrous accident in East Palestine, Ohio that happened on just before 9p.m. on February 3, 2023. About 50 out of 149 cars derailed, according to ABC News. Out of the cars that went off the rails, 11 carried hazardous waste, including vinyl chloride, ethyl acrylate, and isobutylene. The last two are highly toxic and potentially carcinogenic.

Then came the mandatory evacuation, first within a one-mile radius, then two. Officials conducted a controlled burn of the substances, which turned into a heavy cloud. Eventually, the officials said that air and water samples were deemed safe. Except, the EPA found the chemicals in streams near the derailment site.

Later, large amounts of aquatic life would be found dead, even though officials had kept saying that everything was fine. Thousands of cubic yards of contaminated soil and millions of gallons of liquid waste have been collected. The State of Ohio has filed a lawsuit against Norfolk Southern NSC .

Back on February 21, U.S. Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg sent a letter to the rail line. One part of the multi-page paper: “Major derailments in the past have been followed by calls for reform – and by vigorous resistance by your industry to increased safety measures. This must change.”

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Yes, it must. But while an extreme issue, this isn’t the only rail accident that takes place in a year. In fact, there are literally thousands of varying degrees. Here’s a chart from the Department of Transportation:

In the latest year for which there is available data, 2021, 8,096 accidents occurred. Again, that could mean anything. But it does include 747 total fatalities and 4,647 injuries. Of those, 11 deaths and 2,577 injuries were of employees. Outside of grade crossings, where most of the troubles occur, there were 1,626 train accidents.

Total incidents in 2020 were 7,785. In 2019, 9,747; 9,682 in 2018; and 9,497 in 2017.

Shifting from such dangers and outcomes for a moment, think back to the impending rail strike in the fall of 2022. Many of the union workers were, and probably still are, deeply angry. Money was an issue, but the big holdup had been around attendance, sick time and scheduling. People get badly hurt working on rail lines and they need time to recover and get medical help. But rail companies, including BNSF Railway Company, owned by Berkshire Hathaway BRK.B with carefully avuncular Warren Buffett, don’t want to spend money on more staff.

No good crying poor. For perspective, the median value for all industries is 7.9%. The heights the railroad industry reaches are the fifth highest of any industry, only exceeded by money center banks (the really big ones), non-bank financial services, regional banks, and entertainment software. Look at “pre-tax, pre-stock compensation operating margin” numbers—before paying taxes or large stock grants. From that view, tobacco is at the top at 44.7%. And second highest? Railroads with their 42.4%.

If you look at the data only from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, employee injuries and fatalities have been falling since at least 2000.

In large part because the companies keep cutting back staff. In October 2000, there were 220,200 railroad transportation workers. By October 2022, the number was 142,300. Over the same period, the number of hauled containers and trailers went from 782,694 to 1,129,125, up 40%.

They could easily afford more workers. Better technology. Additional safety measures. And still make carloads of cash. But they don’t and clearly won’t.

The executive branch has to step in. So does Congress. When last they did, though, it was to side with the owners because of concern that a strike would shake supply chain logistics. Railroads transportation account for about 28% of freight transportation in the U.S., according to the Federal Railroad Administration.

However, there’s another factor as well. As an OpenSecrets.org analysis shows, the rail industry spend $653.5 million on government lobbying over the last 10 years, “with the biggest splurges occurring between 2008 and 2012 where the industry lobbied an act aiming to enforce antitrust laws on the freight railroad industry.” The lobbying expenses in 2022 were only $24.6 million, the lowest annual amount, adjusted for inflation, in more than two decades. (Check the link to see the article for many more details.)

Profits and spending on political leverage—money is the key and people, whether employees or citizens who are in the wrong place at the wrong time, are eventually sacrificial.

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